Rape as a War Tactic in the Rwandan Genocide - 2035 Words

â€Å"The sweetly sickening odor of decomposing bodies hung over many parts of Rwanda in July 1994: . . . at Nyarubuye in eastern Rwanda, where the cadaver of a little girl, otherwise intact, had been flattened by passing vehicles to the thinness of cardboard in front of the church steps,† (Deforges 6). The normalcy of horrible images like this one had cast a depressing gloom over Rwanda during the genocide, a time when an extreme divide caused mass killings of Tutsi by the Hutu. Many tactics such as physical assault or hate propaganda are well known and often used during times of war. Sexual assault and rape, however, during times of war is an unspoken secret – it is well known that rape occurs within combat zones and occupied territories, but†¦show more content†¦After she was seized, she had been raped multiple times not only because of her beauty, but also because â€Å"she had been sleeping with Tutsis† which therefore meant that she could sleep wit h the Hutu as well (Mullins 726). The woman had been raped in front of four Interhamwe soldiers as well as a large group of refugees. In the chaos after of the rape by Musema, the woman was ordered to turn over from her stomach to her back and raped by multiple soldiers in turns. Her breast was cut off by one of the soldiers, which they tried to make her child eat (Mullins 726-727). The violence and chaos allowed for the pre-existing animosities to turn into the crime of rape. The act, though isolated, was obviously meant directed towards the entire Tutsi population as a whole. Alfred Musema was a man who often engaged in these opportunistic rapes, which were single episode events (Mullins 726). During the Rwandan genocide, some rapes occurred recurrently throughout a timespan. â€Å"Sexual enslavements occurred when a woman was detained, typically in the house of an Interhamwe, and subjected to repeated sexual assaults over a period of days,† (Mullins 727). These kinds of rapes belong in their own category because of the added element of confinement and intent to continually rape and therefore, harm. An Interhamwe soldier named Rafiki, personally sought out one Tutsi woman whom he hadShow MoreRelated Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the TwaRead MorePropaganda Spewed From The Capital998 Words   |  4 Pagestwo years leading up to April 6, 1994, propaganda spewed from the capital. 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Extermination is explained to be mass killings of people, which defines the legal term â€Å"genocide†, and is caused when the killersRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide took place in 1994 and involved members of the Hutu mass killing Tutsi and Tutsi sympathizers who were Hutu. The genocide resulted in the deaths of around 800,000 people, majority Tutsi. The separation of classes came from Belgian internationals creating the two ethnic classes and giving power to the Tutsi who were taller and had lighter skin, and generally appeared more European. In response to this, after the country gained independence from Belgium, Hutu extremists gatheredRead MoreRape As A Weapon Of Warfare And Civil Conflicts1802 Words   |  8 Pagesconflicts has been around for centuries, from the Crusades to the World Wars and to this day, rape is still a tactic used in warfare and conflicts. This essay explains why rape is such a p opular tactic, it’s prevalence from early times to today and the cultural, social, economic and political factors that come to play in regards to rape in warfare. The culture of militarism comes into full effect when talking about warfare. Rape is a tactic used by the military to ensure their power and control. It is toRead MoreHolocaust, The Rwandan Genocide And The Asian Genocide1902 Words   |  8 PagesPsychology Behind Genocides â€Å"How fortunate for governments that the people they administer don’t think† (Hitler, Mein Kampf). As time passed, there has been many times in history where a genocide has occurred. A genocide is a one-sided massacre from one party toward an ethnic or different group of people. As genocides occurred, questions such as â€Å"Why do people kill?† and â€Å"How can people allow these atrocities to occur?† are asked. There have been many theories made up as people researched the reasonRead MoreRape As A Weapon Of War3044 Words   |  13 Pagesdiscovery of rape as a tool in war was a gross violation of human rights as well as overwhelmingly a gender issue. Rape used as a tool of war has devastated and destroyed people, communities, families, and traditions. When discussing rape as weapon of war, there are two main modern day conflicts that can not be overlooked. Rape as a weapon of war is brought into light by the wars of Congo and Bosnia. These two conf licts brought the eyes of the world onto the global issue of rape in war and more specificallyRead MoreA Critique on the 1994 Rwanda Genocide822 Words   |  3 Pagessince the genocide in 1994 Rwanda is having a bad experience of political governance. According to a report by the World Bank, around 10 percent of the population which is more than 850,000 people was killed during the deadly conflicts and about 3 million escaped to neighboring countries. Thousands of children were left with the responsibility of caring for more than 90,000 households, which left a large number of widow and orphans (Peyntjens 2010). Also, thousands cases of extensive rape which ledRead MoreEuropean Intervention and the Rwandan Genocide2151 Words   |  9 Pages Genocide is the destruction of a cultural, racial or political group through the use of â€Å"..one-sided mass killings..(Hintjens 267).† The April of 1994, â€Å"Rwandan subjects and citizens were the main ac tors in the genocide (Hintjens 244).† The establishment of colonial rule by the Europeans impacted the conflict in Rwanda due to the creation of ethnic boundaries between the Tutsis and the Hutus. Hierarchies were established based upon European racial theories. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Africa And The Abduction Of The 200 Chibok3867 Words   |  16 Pagesrecently witnessed the reporting of the Ebola Crisis in West Africa and the abduction of the 200 Chibok schoolgirls in Nigeria by terrorists Boko Haram. These events were barely covered until they became a crisis. With reference to the reporting of the genocide in Rwanda, it â€Å"claimed the spotlight only after there were indisputably ‘lots of dead bodies’† (Carruthers, 2011, p.166). Western press collectively ignores Africa at best and at worst report only ‘bad news’ creating the impression that Africa is

Case Analysis the Early Bird †Electric Power Load Despatching Free Essays

Case Analysis: The Early Bird – Electric Power Load Despatching The Early Bird – Electric Power Load Dispatching Electric utility firms have, for more than two decades, used marginal productmarginal cost concepts to generate and dispatch electric power in a more efficient, lowercost manner. Southern Company, the nation’s third largest utility, refers to its load dispatching method as the â€Å"Early Bird† system. Southern’s Early Bird is designed to provide automatic, computerized control of all the company’s power production and transmission facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis: the Early Bird – Electric Power Load Despatching or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Early Bird continuously calculates the marginal cost of delivering additional kilowatts of electricity to Southern Company customers anywhere in the company’s service area; then, as electricity demand rises or falls at points throughout the system, Early Bird transmits â€Å"raise† or â€Å"lower† impulses to the company’s generating units and routes the correct amount of electricity along the most economical transmission path to the end user. Periodically, Southern Company engineers test the operating efficiency of every piece of power-generating equipment the company has in service. The purpose of the test is to determine how much fuel, labor, and other variable inputs are required to produce electricity with that unit and, subsequently, to calculate a production function for that generating unit. Experience has shown that revised production function equations must be calculated from time to time because normal wear and tear, maintenance problems, and mechanical efficiency vary over time and from generator to generator, depending on who manufactured it, when it was purchased, how long it has been in service, and the reliability with which it has performed. In other words, the production function for a given generating unit shifts by sufficiently large amounts over time to make it worthwhile to update the input-output equation. The equations for the production functions of each generating unit are then fed into Early Bird and combined with information as to fuel prices, wage rates, and other variable input prices to obtain marginal cost functions; from these, MC values can be calculated for a particular generating unit at whatever rate it is being operated. In addition, because there is a loss of electricity in the course of â€Å"shipping† it through the transmission wires, Southern engineers make studies to determine the transmission loss coefficients from generating units to distribution substations. These, too, have to be updated several times a year since the transmission loss depends not only on the distance factor but also on the varying load characteristics of the system and changes in the transmission grid. The marginal cost equations, together with the transmission loss coefficients, are the nucleus for Early Bird’s control of power generation and transmission. When, during the course of a day, the demand for electricity picks up, the Early Bird system is programmed to compare the marginal costs of generation at each on-line unit and then to send impulses to raise the electricity output of the unit (or units) where MC is lowest. Simultaneously, another Early Bird program analyzes the transmission loss coefficients to calculate how best to allocate the increased load on the transmission grid so as to minimize transmission loss to the many substations and end-user locations. In similar fashion, when electricity demand falls off (as work shifts end and businesses close at the end of the day), the Early Bird system automatically sends impulses to reduce electricity generation at those power units where MC is highest and reroutes the remaining load to maintain maximum transmission economy and load-generation balance. At periods of peak demand, when on-line generating units are already operating at or near their minimum cost points, and assuming that water levels in Southern’s dam reservoirs are ample, Early Bird sends impulses to Southern’s hydroelectric facilities to open the gates and generate enough power to get across the peak. Southern’s power system control center is also equipped to forecast short-term loads for the next hour, day, or week. For example, weather data from all round Southern’s four-state service area are fed into the Early Bird network several times a day to help forecast heating and air-conditioning loads. The hourly, daily, and weekly Early Bird forecasts of upcoming load demands are used to preplan the mix of generating units to put on line and those to put on standby, to schedule maintenance, and to determine whether to exchange blocks of electricity with neighboring utilities. For instance, approximately 15 minutes prior to the beginning of an hour, Early Bird calculations as to the next hour’s generating and transmission costs are made; this information is then compared immediately with similar information obtained from adjoining utilities having interconnections with Southern’s transmission network. If it is determined that it would be more economical for Southern to buy a â€Å"block† of electricity from an adjacent company than to generate the electricity needed itself (because at the forecasted generating rates the other company will have lower MC than Southern), then an order is placed for that unit at a price set forth in the interchange agreement between the two companies. On the other hand, if Southern’s marginal costs are lower than those of its neighbors, then it may agree to sell a block. The exchange of electricity among interconnected companies based upon marginal cost calculations is common throughout the electric utility industry. As bigger and faster computers have become available, the functions of the Early Bird system have been expanded to permit. 1. Reductions in unnecessary â€Å"load-chasing,† with resultant savings on maintenance; 2. Monitoring the current operating status of generating units, line flows, voltages, station breakers, and switches as a basis for assessing the prevailing degree of security (reliability) within the system: . Altering the dispatch criteria to allow for reducing power output at a particular facility because of unexpected air or thermal pollution, yet doing so in a way which entails the least increased costs to the system; 4. Operating hydro, steam, combustion, and nuclear generating units in a mix which seeks to minimize fuel costs; and 5. Monitoring temperatures, oil pressures, stream flows, and so on at unattended hydro stations to give early notification of potential troubles. How to cite Case Analysis: the Early Bird – Electric Power Load Despatching, Papers

Impact Of Mergers Acquisitions On Aviation Labour Relations Commerce Essay Example For Students

Impact Of Mergers Acquisitions On Aviation Labour Relations Commerce Essay This essay trades with the subject of amalgamations and acquisitions in the air power industry. In this peculiar instance, the state of affairs of Air France and KLM and British Airways and Iberia will be examined. The single air hoses and its brotherhoods will be presented in a comparative analysis. After a portion where the significance of amalgamations and acquisitions is explained, the motives for the peculiar air hose to acquire into the procedure of a amalgamation or an acquisition are demonstrated. In the terminal, there is a decision where all major determinations are summarized and a small rsum of the benefits up to now will be shown. The major focal point in this analysis lies on employment relationships and the overall wealth of the companies. Air France is the Gallic flag bearer and one of the universe s largest air hoses. They are headquartered near Paris. The air hose s planetary hub is at Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport. Air France was founded on 7 October 1933 from a amalgamation of four of the taking conveyance companies. On June 26, 1945, French civil air power was nationalized and at the terminal of World War II. , the whole Gallic air conveyance web was committed to Air France, the new flag bearer. 1974, Air France moved to Paris-Charles de Gaulle and this lead into a new degree. The freshly built airdrome was capable to run widebody aircraft aircraft, such as A300 and B747, which democratized air travel surely. In 1992, the Air France Group was born. Air France and Union de Transports Ariens ( UTA ) merged. The group became one of the largest air conveyance groups in the universe. In April 1996, the linking hub scheme for Paris-Charles de Gaulle airdrome was implemented by Air France. 1999, Air France went on the stock exchange and the public offering was a immense success. On June 22nd 2000, Air France created a planetary confederation called Sky Team with Aeromexico, Delta and Korean Air to fall in forces and widening their web. Air France launched the A380 on 20 November 2009 with service to New York s JFK Airport. At the terminal of the twelvemonth 2009, Air France and its subordinates employed around 75,000 people. ( Air France history ) ( Air France at a glimpse ) 2.1 The Unions The Confdration Gnrale du Travail Force Ouvrire is one of the five major brotherhood federations in France. FO is a member of the European Trade Union Confederation. FO was founded in 1948 and has round about 300,000 members. The Confdration Gnrale du Travail, CGT is the largest in footings of ballots and 2nd largest in footings of rank Numberss with 720,000 members today. CGT is a national trade brotherhood centre and was founded in 1895. The political way of the CGT is easy underdeveloped, harmonizing to the historian M. Dreyfus since the 1990s. They cut all links with the Gallic Communist Party ( PCF ) to a more sensible place and concentrated its attending on general work stoppages in private sectors. ( Prsntation ) The Confdration franaise dmocratique du parturiency, CFDT is the largest Gallic trade brotherhood alliance by figure of members ( 875,000 ) but the CGT has more voting consequences for representative organic structures. The CFDT was founded in 1964 and is headquartered in Paris. ( Nos valeurs ) 3. KLM KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is a world-wide air hose company based in the Netherlands which was founded on October 7, 1919. KLM s central office are in Amstelveen near its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. KLM operates worldwide scheduled rider and lading services to more than 90 finishs. It is the oldest air hose in the universe still runing under its original name. KLM employs 36,000 people of different nationalities. Around 31,000 of these work in the Netherlands and the balance abroad. In 2008, KLM transported 23.4 million riders and 657,022 dozenss of lading. ( KLM history ) KLM ( KLM profile ) 3.1 The Unions The Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging is an organisation of brotherhoods that represents the involvements of employees and societal benefit claimants. It is by far the largest and strongest alliance in the Netherlands. Major points of the FNV are employment and income. Income may be derived from work, but besides from societal benefits. Valuess, like equality, solidarity, freedom of address, justness and sustainability are the FNVs nucleus rules. Approximately 1.9 million employees in the Netherlands are a member of a trade brotherhood. This means that 27 % are organized in brotherhoods. The FNV has fourteen allied trade brotherhoods stand foring over 1.2 million members: 63 % of all trade brotherhood members. ( Over de FNV ) 4. British Air passages British Airways ( BA ) is the flag bearer of the United Kingdom which is based and headquartered in Waterside, near its chief hub at London Heathrow Airport. BA is the largest air hose in the UK based on fleet size, international flights and international finishs. BA was founded in 1974, but has its beginning after First World War, when Imperial Airways Limited was created in 1924 in order to function the British Empire with air conveyance services. Privatization took topographic point in 1987 and BA expanded through several acquisitions, such as British Caledonian and Dan-Air, i.e. British Airways carried 31.8 million riders in 2010. Besides its hub at London Heathrow, where they own 40 % of entire slots, BA has besides a mentionable presence at Gatwick Airport and Manchester Airport. ( Explore our yesteryear ) British Air passages 4.1 The Unions Employees of BA are represented by 3 major trade brotherhoods: * BALPA, stand foring the pilots * BASSA, stand foring the cabin crew * Unite the Union, for other employees The British Air Line Pilots Association represents over 75 % of all aircraft and chopper pilots based in the UK. The Association has approximately 10,000 professional flight crew members, working in big and little companies. BALPA has over 120 working pilots who work as Representatives for the association. They work on affairs within their air hose. The affairs they deal with are really divided into two parts: Professional Affairs and Flight Safety. BALPA works with the Civil Aviation Authority, the Department for Transport, the Department of Trade and Industry and many other organic structures covering with issues refering BALPA. To keep and procure the footings and conditions of the members, BALPA is closely working with 20 air hoses. In Europe, BALPA was a founding member of ECA, the European Cockpit Association. ( About BALPA ) The British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association is a subdivision of the Transport A ; General Worker s Union ( T A ; GWU ) entirely for British Airways cabin crews with a rank of over 10,000. BASSA is a dynamic and progressive brotherhood, which is entirely staffed by elective representatives, who work as BA cabin crew. They are involved in all cabin crew affairs, like programming, adjustment, wages, working understandings and conditions. BASSA is located at Harlington, Middlesex. ( About us ) Forensic psychology Essay8. The amalgamation of British Airways and Iberia The understanding between British Airways and Spanish bearer Iberia was confirmed on 8 April 2010. Both oneworld confederation spouses joined forces in an all-stock dealing while retaining their separate trade names, like Air France and KLM. The operational central office are in London but the corporate central offices are in Madrid. Board meetings take topographic point in Madrid due to the fact that the company is being incorporated harmonizing to Spanish jurisprudence as an anon. society , and the keeping company for both bearers are paying revenue enhancements in Spain. The new air hose group is Europe s third-largest and the sixth-largest in the universe by grosss ( more than 14,000 million euro ) , with about 55 million riders in 2010. British Airways antecedently owned a 13.5 % interest in Iberia but received ownership of 55 % of the new combined International Airlines Group, whereas Iberia s stockholders having the staying 45 % of the company. The air hoses expect one-year synergisms worth about 400 million euro get downing the 5th twelvemonth following the amalgamation. Approximately 60 % of these synergisms will originate from cost nest eggs, and 40 % from larger grosss due to the new operations. The IAG board is made up of 14 members, seven from each air hose. Airline employees will profit, since the confederation will do the air hoses stronger and better positioned in economic footings. The house is able to vie and to offer employees more stableness, long-run occupation security, and possibilities of professional promotion. Stockholders of the air hoses will besides profit from the understanding, since the addition in income and of fight will add to companies value. Nevertheless, the procedure of a amalgamation is complex and takes rather a long clip to accomplish consequences which are accepted by both parties. Since the EU deregulating of menus and paths in 1993 and the denationalization of the former state-owned air hoses, legion smaller Europe an air hoses have gone belly-up or been taken over. Thousands of occupations have been lost, and at that place has been a immense offense on working conditions, arousing legion work stoppages throughout Europe. BA the first state-owned air hose to be privatised in 1987 has outsourced cardinal services. Feeder paths are franchised to low-priced bearers who charter their planes and utilize cheaper non-union crews. Cabin crews are no longer from the place state, but are recruited from bases around the universe. Forced to vie with the low-priced bearers, BA turned to direct gross revenues via the Internet to extinguish the price reduction given to the travel agents, and to name Centres runing in low-wage English-speaking states such as India. The debut of new working patterns aimed at cut downing costs led to a work stoppage among ground staff in summer 2003. After holding agreed to unify, Iberia could hold walked off from this understanding due to the fact that BAs entire pension shortage was 3.7bn at the terminal of 2010. Iberia had three months to acquire to a determination on BA s program to work out its pension shortage. The program maintained BA s one-year parts at the degree of around 330m, plus agreed one-year additions harmonizing with rising prices outlooks averaging 3 % . The parts will go on until 2026 for the New Airways Pension Scheme ( NAPS ) in order to fulfill the employees. After holding consulted the major brotherhoods, British Airways submitted the recovery program to the UK Pensions Regulator. ( EU clears British Airways, Iberia amalgamation ) This understanding is a important and positive measure frontward for British Airways and the pension strategy members, said BA s main fiscal officer, Keith Williams. The legal guardians understand that the air hose is unable to increase its parts in the current fiscal clime b ut we have agreed a recovery program that avoids shuting the pension strategies, gives NAPS members pick over their future pension accumulations, and increases the prudence of the premises employed in pull offing the strategy. ( A conversation with Keith Williams ) Unite, the brotherhood stand foring BA cabin crew arranged three major work stoppages and locked both parties in a acrimonious battle which started as a difference over staffing degrees on flights. BA is pressing the brotherhood to accept the negotiated trade already on the tabular array, vouching two farther old ages of wage rises and the best conditions for bing crews in the UK industry. The brotherhood must now give notice seven yearss in progress of any work stoppage action planned. 9. Decision Analysts and air hose industry experts have stated that amalgamation trades in the air hose sector are ineluctable presents. The industry is confronting legion challenges, such as difficult competition and lifting operational disbursals, particularly the lifting jet fuel costs. Industry consolidation would assist airlines face these challenges by uniting resources, cutting costs, and cut downing competition. The costs of fuel have a major impact on the possible success or failure of amalgamations. If the monetary value of oil rises excessively high, it can restrict the cost benefits provided by the amalgamation. And if the monetary value of oil falls enormously, it underbids the demand for dearly-won amalgamation minutess. With high operating disbursals and stiff competition, air hoses have considerable motive for meeting. Consolidation is non the lone option for fighting air hoses, of class. A batch of bearers have announced cost film editing steps, such as retiring aircraft, call offing paths and raising ticket monetary values. The amalgamation of Air France and KLM was a reaction to deregulating, the economic recession, planetary overcapacity and the entryway of the low-priced air hoses like Ryanair and EasyJet. Air France/KLM has become Europeans largest air hose and the universes largest air hose, if you merely see gross revenues income. Air France and KLM increased net incomes from $ 450 million to $ 550 million after five old ages as a consequence of cost nest eggs, rescheduling of paths and a better fleet use. Experts even foresee another rapid growing in the following old ages. BA and Iberia signed a amalgamation trade in order to vie more efficaciously in the fast-consolidating industry and to offer a larger web. The merger will make Europe s second-biggest air hose by market value, uniting Iberia s strong place in Latin America with BA s presence in Africa, Asia and North America. The amalgamation is seen as an chance for the two air hoses to cut costs following really tough old ages for the air hose industry. The air hoses are to a great extent affected by amalgamations and acquisitions. In the last few old ages air hose M A ; As have been a turning tendency in several states worldwide. However amalgamations and acquisitions in the air power industry are extremely strategic and are decidedly altering the air power industry to a battleground of a few mega participants.

Public Opinion And Deterrence Essays - Penology, Criminology

Public Opinion And Deterrence I would characterize the public opinion on the death penalty as being an uninformed opinion. More people are in favor of the death penalty, now then back a few decades ago. People are not well informed on the statistics of the death penalty, like the number of prisoners, or the racial discrimination etc. I think that if more people were informed that some opinions would be changed. It has been shown that men over women, whites over blacks, and Republicans over Democrats, conservatives over liberals are in favor of the death penalty (Bedau 90). These statistics have been found all through the whole period that the data was collected. It doesn't really seem as though people have formed exact opinions of why they support or oppose the death penalty, its more of just choosing a side and sticking by it. Most peoples attitudes toward capital punishment are basically emotional (95). Some people feel that killing is wrong so they oppose the death penalty. On the other hand people will feel that the only way justice will be served is to punish by death, so retribution seemed to be a big reason why they would support the death penalty, cause people more so someone would seek revenge for a loved one. Peoples opinions are also based on the costs of imprisonment, or what crimes they think should be punishable by death. I don't think everyone really wants people to die though. Polls have shown that when people were faced with the question of either the death penalty or life imprisonment without parole, that support for the death penalty dropped substantially (117). So it would seem that people really don't want an execution they just don't want the criminal to one day have a chance to roam free, or some might be scared that they will do it again if they have a chance to get out. But as long as the prisoner is contained and the people feel safe then the death penalty does not seem to be such a big necessity. Some difficulties in trying to determine what the publics view is on the death penalty are that the questions asked on polls are different. Also they way the questions are phrased are asked differently on different polls and also during different time periods. People aren't very well informed so instead of really forming an opinion there just choosing a side. These make it difficult to determine the view because there are so many flaws in the way its administered and the public is ignorant to many facts dealing with the death penalty. I do not think that the Supreme Court should continue to rely on the public opinion as a way of determining the evolving standards of decency. My reason for this is because the people are like children and the Supreme Court our parents. People look up to the Supreme Court for guidance, answers, and justice. The courts should be the one to set the better example. We don't believe murder is right so the courts should enforce death as a punishment because its hypocritical. If the court abolished the death penalty over time, as the generations changed people would think it was the right thing to do because the highest court felt so and they are suppose to help guide us in the right direction towards justice. Conclusions that I have drawn from this material are that people generally don't really favor the death penalty if there are other alternatives such as life imprisonment without parole. The public just wants to feel safe from harm and no that these people who have killed cant hurt them or loved ones also. Deterrence is the inhibition of criminal behavior especially by punishment. So its believed that if you punish some one it will prevent others from following criminal behavior. The deterrence thereby is that to be effective in preventing crime, criminal sanctions must be severe enough to outweigh the pleasures to be derived from crime, administered with great certainty, administered promptly so there is a clear cause-and-effete connection between the criminal and the punishment of would be offenders and the public is made aware (137). I don't believe that

Writing an Argumentative Essay Introduction Sample

Writing an Argumentative Essay Introduction SampleIn an argumentative essay you will probably need to fill out an introduction, and then some paragraphs describing the contents of the essay, as well as pointing out who is speaking and quoting the key facts. This makes a good argumentative essay introduction sample for you to work with.When you are writing your first research papers, you should start with an introduction. You can use this as a way to help organize your thoughts on what you are writing about, and it can also help you decide how you want to structure your paper. After this, you will need to tell your readers what the topic of your paper is going to be about. Then you can build up to the contents of your paper, telling them what your opinion is and what you want to achieve with your paper.You will also want to get into a few points that you want to include in your essay. There are four points that you will want to make in your essay, and these points will vary from perso n to person, depending on what their interests are. For example, if you have been working in finance for years, you might want to include information about finance, and how to become a financial planner.If you are planning on studying another language, you will want to include information about the other language, too. It might be important for you to describe your personal experiences in the subject matter you are studying. If you don't plan on doing this, you may want to include a paragraph about yourself, which would be something like, 'My own research interests include many topics, including the following: Anthropology, Mathematics, Statistics, Biochemistry, and Ancient History.' Of course, if you have already done some research on the subject you are studying, you might want to include that information, too.Some topics that can give you ideas about presenting information include how to go about generating data, or what information you will need to gather. For example, you might be interested in collecting data from a foreign country, such as Brazil. You may need to collect different types of data, or you might want to try different sources of information.You may also be interested in discussing the types of data you will need to collect, and how you will choose the data you will collect. For example, if you are planning on collecting data on birth rates in your country, you might want to discuss this issue in your essay sample.These are just a few of the ideas that you will want to incorporate into your essay. If you have any questions about what you should include in your essay, it would be a good idea to consult with a professional who has experience with writing an argumentative essay.

Clinical Psychology Essays

Clinical Psychology Essays Clinical Psychology Essay Clinical Psychology Essay Clinical Psychology Name: Course: Date: Date: Clinical Psychology Many people face problems and challenging situations when they are at their adolescent stage. This is because the stage is a transition between adulthood and childhood. Adolescents have retained some elements of their childhood, and at the same time, they have the desire to progress to adulthood. Adolescents experience physical as well as emotional changes during this time (DiClemente et al., 2009). The changes that happen in the social emotional system of the brain contribute to risk taking behavior in adolescents. Many adolescents engage in behavior that older adults would not consider doing. They are more likely to engage in substance and alcohol use, as well as other risky behaviors such as fast driving and engaging in extreme sports. This is because of the differences in the maturity of the brain’s cognitive control system. Adolescents have an underdeveloped pre-frontal cortex. This part of the brain is responsible for exercising self-control and reasoning, among other ca pabilities. As people become older, their cognitive control system develops. This system regulates the impulse control, thereby enhances a person’s ability to self-regulate (Steinberg, 2008). Other than brain development, other factors such as peer influence and parenting contribute to an adolescent’s level of risk taking behaviors. Adolescents have the need to feel accepted by their peers. They are more likely to be influenced by peer pressure compared to other groups. This desire is sometimes so strong, to the extent that adolescents are willing to engage in anything so that they can be accepted in their crowds. Closely related to peer-influence is the adolescents’ belief of an imaginary audience. Adolescents tend to think that other people are preoccupied with them, in terms of their behavior and appearance. This leads them to live as if they are acting before an audience. They will look for ways to attract their audience at their own expense. Many adolescents develop the personal fable belief, which leads them to think that nothing wrong can happen to them. They think that they are unique or special in some way, and this leads them to dismiss the consequences of the challenges and risks that they face in life. Adolescents may know the consequences of engaging in risky behaviors, but they tend to think that they will not suffer the same consequences. They think that they are capable and strong enough, and they are therefore not vulnerable to some of the risks they take. The beliefs of personal fables and imaginary audience are the main elements that contribute to risk taking behaviors in adolescents (Galanaki, 2012). Some risk taking behaviors among adolescents is dangerous and it has negative consequences. There is high mortality reported among adolescents and people in the early twenties. These deaths occur because of engaging in violent acts that lead to injury or death such as motor vehicle accidents, using drugs and alcohol, which leads to increased road accidents, and engaging in risky sexual behavior. The desire that adolescents have to fit in with their peers can sometimes lead to unhealthy eating patterns. Despite this, some effects of risky behavior have positive consequences. In fact, many people consider risk-taking behavior among adolescents as a normal process, which is necessary for life. Adolescents may engage in some behaviors that contribute to them learning new skills and acquiring new knowledge, which might benefit them in future (OPA, 2009). Most people get to learn their talents and practice them when they are adolescents. Engaging in risk taking behavior enables the adolesc ents to know more about themselves and discover their own identity. They also learn more about others and about the world, enabling them to work and cooperate better with other people. This knowledge is essential for life because it prepares the adolescents for the diverse world.

How Coconut Oil for Hair Will Make Your Hair Gorgeous

How Coconut Oil for Hair Will Make Your Hair Gorgeous SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips People have used coconut oil for thousands of years to moisturize their hair and scalp. In recent years, science has confirmed what many people already knew- coconut oil is a highly effective hair treatment. Want to promote hair growth? Get smoother, sleeker hair? Get rid of annoying dandruff? This guide will go over the top five benefits of coconut oil for hair, along with the evidence that proves why it works so well. Most importantly, we'll talk about how YOU can use coconut oil on your hair, step by step! To learn how coconut oil works, first you need to understand the structure of hair itself. This will really help you understand your body and how to treat it better. Let’s start there. Hair Structure: What You Need to Know To get why coconut oil works, first you need to understand how hair is structured. Each individual hair on your head is shaped like a cylinder. It has an inner tube made up of the cortex and medulla, and this tube is surrounded by a keratin-based shell called the cuticle. The cuticle isn’t very flexible, so it struggles to maintain its shape when hair expands and contracts. A healthy cuticle is able to keep its shape and protect the cortex within. A damaged cuticle, on the other hand, has trouble defending itself against the elements. The cuticle can crack or break, thereby exposing the cortex and letting out all the moisture inside. When cuticles break, your hair can feel coarse and have split ends. The cuticle has to protect the cortex from many elements, including heat, chemicals, and even water. In fact, water is one of the worst culprits for cuticle damage. Read on to find out why. Here's a serious close up of a single hair. Hair can feel dry and damaged if the cuticle breaks. (Sam Lindsay/All rights reserved) Water, Hair, and the Dangers of Hygral Fatigue When the individual hairs on your head get wet, they expand. When the water evaporates, they contract again. All of this movement can be tough on the cuticle, which is made up of a pretty inflexible material (the protein keratin, which also forms your fingernails and toenails). Healthy cuticles are good at warding off water and preventing over-absorption. In fact, having â€Å"hydrophobic† hair is one sign that your hair is healthy. You can analyze your own hair with a simple test: put a lock of hair in a glass of water. If it floats for a while, then it’s hydrophobic (hurray!). If, on the other hand, your hair sinks right to the bottom, then it absorbs water fast. If the cuticles around your hairs let in too much water too fast, then the actual fibers of the hair can come apart. This occurrence, known as hygral fatigue, shows itself with coarseness, breakage, and split ends. As you’ll see below, coconut oil is a great way to make your hair more hydrophobic, thereby protecting the cuticle and cortex within and preventing your hairs from unraveling like a ball of yarn. Before going into the benefits of coconut oil for your hair, let’s quickly review the other factors that affect the health of your hair. Too much blow drying and straightening can turn your hair into an arid desert. What's Damaging Your Hair? Your hair is technically a dead fiber once it leaves your scalp, but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t respond to factors in your environment. Some external forces that damage hair are Heat, as from a blow dryer or hair straightener Chemicals, as from certain shampoos, conditioners, and hair dyes Touching and twisting, as from elastic, clips, or even just twirling your hair Besides your environment, your hair is also affected by internal factors, like your Nutrition Hydration Scalp circulation Stress levels (lots of stress can make your hair fall out!) Coconut oil addresses many of these factors. It helps moisturize your hair, plus it can be used to treat conditions, like dandruff and head lice. But why is it actually good for your hair? Let’s look at the top five benefits of coconut oil for your hair, why it works, and how you can use it. Bring the moisture back to your hair with a home coconut oil treatment. Top 5 Benefits of Coconut Oil for Hair Applying coconut oil to your hair is a natural, chemical-free, and effective way to: #1: Deeply condition your hair#2: Treat and prevent damage#3: Reduce dandruff#4: Treat head lice#5: Stimulate hair growth With its cosmetic and medical benefits, coconut oil holistically maintains hair and scalp health in an all-natural way. While it may seem too good to be true, there are research studies that support its efficacy, as you’ll see below. First, let’s look at the most common use of coconut oil for hair- as a moisturizer. Benefit #1: Deeply Condition Your Hair Coconut oil is highly effective at flooding your hair with moisture. Remember how each hair is made of an inner tube surrounded by the cuticle? Coconut oil can actually penetrate the cuticle, make its way into the hair shaft, and moisturize it from the inside out. Once it soaks into your hair, coconut oil nourishes it with vitamins, mainly Vitamin E and K, minerals, like iron, and lauric acid. The lauric acid, in particular, is special, because it's attracted to proteins in the hair and helps coconut oil soak in. In addition to moisturizing your hair with vitamins and minerals, coconut oil also helps seal off the cuticle. This helps restore damaged cuticles and prevent hygral fatigue, or over-absorption of water. Coconut oil both adds and prevents the loss of moisture. Don’t just take my word for it, though. Read on to see what the Journal of Cosmetic Science has to say about the effectiveness of coconut oil as a hair moisturizer. When they looked closely, scientists confirmed what lots of people have known for centuries: coconut oil is a super effective hair moisturizer. Research on Coconut Oil as a Hair Moisturizer A study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Science compared coconut oil to mineral oil to see which one better moisturized hair. Mineral oil, by the way, is widely used in mass-produced hair products. It’s an inexpensive oil, but it also turns out that it’s an ineffective one! This is what the scientists concluded: â€Å"The results show that coconut oil penetrates the hair shaft while mineral oil does not. The difference may be due to the polarity of the coconut oil compared to the nonpolar nature of the mineral oil. The affinity of the penetrant to the protein seems to be the cause for this difference in their behavior. This study also indicates that the swelling of hair is limited by the presence oil. Since the process of swelling and deswelling of hair is one of the causes of hair damage by hygral fatigue, coconut oil, which is a better penetrant than mineral oil, may provide better protection from damage by hygral fatigue.† When the scientists talk about the â€Å"affinity of the penetrant to the protein,† they’re referring to coconut oil’s ability to penetrate the hair shaft and moisturize it from the inside out. Beside adding moisture, it also prevents damage from water. Research studies aside, how can you actually apply coconut oil to your hair for a super dose of moisture? How to Use Coconut Oil to Moisturize Your Hair There really aren’t too many ways to go wrong with coconut oil. For the most part, you can use as much or as little as you want, and you have a lot of leeway in how long you leave it in. These seven steps will tell you everything you need to know about using coconut oil. First, you’ll need a few materials: Extra virgin coconut oil, preferably organic A shower cap or some kind of covering, like an old T-shirt (optional) Old shirt (so you don’t get oil on your clothes) It works best to apply coconut oil to damp, towel-dried hair. Once you’ve washed or just rinsed your hair and dried it off, your first step will be getting the coconut oil ready to apply. Step 1: Melt the Coconut Oil Get the coconut oil into liquid form. It’s solid at room temperature and melts at 76 degrees or higher. The best way to do this is to put together a makeshift double boiler by placing a cup or bowl of coconut oil into a bigger bowl of hot water. Note- you shouldn’t microwave the coconut oil. This can degrade the proteins. If you have fine hair and are only using a little, then you could also just rub the coconut oil between your hands. I use the double boiler method, as I’ve got thick hair and need to use several tablespoons of oil. Step 2: Determine How Much Coconut Oil to Use in Your Hair Experiment with how much oil to put in your hair. Finer hair may just use one to two teaspoons. If you have thicker hair, then you might use three to five tablespoons and work it through section by section. Figuring out the right amount may take some trial and error, but you can always rinse it out if you feel like you put too much. Step 3: Work the Coconut Oil Into Your Hair Work the coconut oil through your hair starting from the ends and moving your way up. You might avoid or go light on the roots and scalp, unless you’re specifically looking to moisturize your scalp or treat dandruff. If you’re not, then too much oil here could make the hair heavy and be tough to rinse out. If you're leaving coconut oil in your hair overnight, remember to put a towel on your pillow. This baby forgot and got oil everywhere. Step 4: Comb Your Hair Comb the oil through your hair with your fingers or a wide-toothed comb or brush. Try to distribute it evenly. Step 5: Let It Sit Put your hair up with an elastic or cover it with a shower cap or other covering. You can let your hair sit and moisturize for anywhere from half an hour to 18 hours. The longer you let it sit (up to a point), the more it can soak in and moisturize your hair. Step 6: Rinse Rinse the oil out of your hair. You can use shampoo or not, depending on whether you need to wash your hair. Step 7: Style Your Hair Style your hair normally! If you’re aiming to prevent dryness, try to avoid harsh heats from styling tools. You can also rub a small amount of coconut oil into your hair as a styling product. It can tame frizz, add shine, and act as a heat protectant. Just don’t overdo it and end up with oily clumps! Remember, coconut oil is an oil, so be careful about getting it on your clothes or pillow. Now let’s consider the second, related use of coconut oil - as a way to treat and prevent damage. Coconut oil restores damaged proteins? That's nuts. Benefit #2: Treat and Prevent Damage Coconut oil both treats and prevents damage to hair. In addition to the hygral fatigue you read about earlier, hair can also get damaged by protein loss. When you treat hair with chemicals or heat, you break bonds in proteins. When I straighten my curly hair with a 400 degree hair straightener, for instance, I’m breaking protein bonds and changing the structure of my hair. Of course, the curls come right back once my hair gets wet, but proteins aren’t always able to rebound to their original form. Lots of heat can result in long-term damage. Coconut oil can both fix existing damage to proteins and prevent further injury by acting as a heat protectant. Check out what this research study has to say about how coconut oil takes care of the proteins in your hair. Research on Coconut Oil to Prevent Protein Damage Many of the same researchers that looked at coconut oil as a moisturizer studied its effects on hair proteins. Their study was called â€Å"Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage.† This is what they found: â€Å"The findings clearly indicate the strong impact that coconut oil application has to hair as compared to application of both sunflower and mineral oils. Among three oils, coconut oil was the only oil found to reduce the protein loss remarkably for both undamaged and damaged hair when used as a pre-wash and post-wash grooming product.† Coconut oil reduces protein loss because of its composition. It’s made of lauric acid, which, as mentioned above, can go inside the hair shaft. The other oils, which are in so many hair products, don’t contain lauric acid and thus can’t help with hair protein damage, as the researchers concluded: â€Å"Both sunflower and mineral oils do not help at all in reducing the protein loss from hair. This difference in results could arise from the composition of each of these oils. Coconut oil, being a triglyceride of lauric acid (principal fatty acid), has a high affinity for hair proteins and, because of its low molecular weight and straight linear chain, is able to penetrate inside the hair shaft.† Coconut oil offers a two-pronged approach to hair damage. It both treats damaged proteins by binding to them, and it prevents further loss. If you’re looking to use coconut oil to treat or prevent damage, what steps should you take? "My hair looks crazy. Sure wish I'd remembered to use coconut oil this morning." How to Use Coconut Oil to Treat Damage Treating damage and moisturizing your hair share a lot of overlap, so you can apply coconut oil using the seven steps described above. Distribute a good amount of liquid-form coconut oil in damp hair, and let it sit for anywhere from half an hour to overnight before rinsing out. Besides a full leave-in treatment, you can also use a small amount to prevent damage from heat, as described in these three steps. Step 1: Melt the Coconut Oil Get coconut oil in liquid form by rubbing it between your hands. Step 2: Rub the Oil Into Your Hair Rub anywhere from one to five teaspoons of coconut oil in your damp hair, depending on the thickness and length of your hair. Start from the bottom and work your way up, avoiding your roots to avoid oily build-up. Step 3: Comb the Coconut Oil Through Your Hair Evenly distribute the coconut oil throughout your hair with your fingers or a wide-toothed comb. If you find you put too much, you can rinse it out and try again! Step 4: Style Your Hair Style your hair as usual. You may use other products in conjunction with the coconut oil, but it can also work to reduce frizz and add shine to your hair on its own. You might love it so much that coconut oil becomes a part of your daily hair care routine! These first two benefits of coconut oil are all about restoring shine, body, and moisture to your hair. Beyond making your hair beautiful, coconut oil also has healthcare benefits, like treating dandruff and getting rid of head lice. Read on to learn how coconut oil accomplishes this and how to use it. Dandruff got you down? Coconut oil might get rid of it for good! Benefit #3: Get Rid of Dandruff Coconut oil has been to shown to contain antifungal and antibacterial properties that treat dandruff. It has been seen to be most effective in treating the dandruff caused by a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia. Since dandruff can have a number of causes, coconut oil may not always work on it. It’s definitely worth a try, though! At the very least, the oil will moisturize and soothe your scalp. Let’s check out the research base behind coconut oil as a dandruff treatment. Research on Coconut Oil to Treat Dandruff There’s a lot more anecdotal evidence that coconut oil works to treat dandruff than there is scientific evidence yet, but a lot of people swear by it. There have been some studies that looked at coconut oil as a skin moisturizer with antibacterial and antifungal properties. For instance, this study concluded the following: â€Å"The emergence of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the availability of fewer antifungal agents with fungicidal actions, prompted this present study to determine the effectiveness of virgin coconut oil as an antifungal agent on these species...Coconut oil should be used in the treatment of fungal infections.† The study looked at Malassezia, by the way, the fungus that has been linked to dandruff. If you want to give it a try, read on for how to apply coconut oil. How to Use Coconut Oil to Treat Dandruff What’s the best way to use coconut oil to treat dandruff? Try these three steps to see if coconut oil is the remedy for you. Step 1: Shampoo Shampoo your hair thoroughly. Once you’ve rinsed out all the shampoo, towel dry your hair so it’s damp, not dripping. Step 2: Massage Coconut Oil Into Your Scalp Rub coconut oil between your hands to get it into liquid form. Massage two to four teaspoons of oil into your scalp, making sure to cover all the areas with dandruff. Step 3: Let It Sit Let the coconut oil sit on your scalp for at least ten minutes. Then rinse it out and shampoo your hair again. You can also let the coconut oil sit overnight, perhaps using a shower cap or covering your pillow with a towel to guard it from oil. You can use this coconut oil two to three times a week as needed. Coconut oil might save you a trip to the doctor! It's been shown to work better than traditionally prescribed head lice medicine. Benefit #4: Get Rid of Head Lice As you read above, coconut oil has both antibacterial and antifungal properties. These properties make it an effective treatment against head lice. In fact, it’s been shown to be even better than the widely prescribed medicine, permethrin lotion! The study below combined coconut oil with anise to produce an effective, lice-killing spray. Research on Coconut Oil to Treat Head Lice This research study compared coconut oil to permethrin lotion, the medicine that doctors usually prescribe to get rid of head lice. What did the scientists find? â€Å"We concluded that, although permethrin lotion is still effective for some people, the coconut and anise spray can be a significantly more effective alternative treatment.† Coconut oil doesn’t just work- it works better than the usual prescription! Read on to see how to use coconut oil for lice. How to Use Coconut Oil to Get Rid of Head Lice While you might douse your hair liberally with coconut oil to moisturize it, you would use the largest amount when attacking head lice. You’ll need coconut oil, a shower cap or towel, a comb, and a blow dryer. Step 1: Coat Your Hair and Scalp in Coconut Oil Get the coconut oil in liquid form via the makeshift double boiler method described above. Apply a liberal amount to coat your hair and scalp completely. Step 2: Massage Your Scalp Massage the coconut oil into your scalp for several minutes. Step 3: Cover Your Hair Cover your hair with a shower cap or towel for at least one to two hours. You may run a blow dry around your head to add heat. Step 4: Comb Out Dead Lice Remove the covering from your hair and use the comb to remove dead lice and eggs. Step 5: Wash and Repeat Wash your hair, and then repeat Steps 1 through 4. It’s best to let the oil sit for longer this time around, leaving it overnight if possible. When you remove the covering, again comb through your hair and then shampoo. Besides using pure coconut oil, you can also combine it with other ingredients. A few common remedies include combining coconut oil with three to five drops of tea tree oil, which has natural insecticide properties, or ten cloves of ground garlic, which has natural antiseptic properties. Some people have also tried covering their hair first with apple cider vinegar. They allow the vinegar to dry and then go through the steps of the coconut oil treatment. Finally, the multi-use coconut oil, in addition to all its other great uses, has also been said to stimulate hair growth. Massage coconut oil on your scalp, and you might become a real-life Rapunzel! Benefit #5: Stimulate Hair Growth Coconut oil has been said to promote hair growth. It moisturizes the scalp and impersonates natural scalp oils, specifically the oil sebum. Its various properties also help prevent the growth of bacteria and fungus. Finally, coconut oil has been said to increase scalp circulation and oxygen. There isn’t much research research to support using coconut oil for hair growth yet, but with all its other great benefits, it won't hurt to give it a try. The steps below will tell you how. How to Use Coconut Oil for Hair Growth The research behind coconut oil as a hair growth stimulator is still lacking, but it’s certainly worth trying, if only for its antibacterial, antifungal, and moisturizing effects. All you need to do is massage two to three teaspoons of liquid coconut oil into your scalp and let it sit for at least ten minutes. Then wash your hair as normal. Use it several times a week and see if your hair grows more over time! Coconut oil may seem like a miracle substance with all its benefits for your hair and scalp, and many people believe that it is. At the same time, no treatment works the same for everyone. There are a few side effects that people have reported after using coconut oil on their hair. Using Coconut Oil for Hair: 3 Possible Side Effects People have reported three main problems with using coconut oil on their hair. Some people say it made their hair feel drier. Others said it caused a rash to break out on their neck. And a few others said that coconut oil caused acne breakouts. Coconut oil is, of course, an oil, and many agree that it can clog your pores and aggravate skin that’s prone to oiliness and acne. If you’re using coconut oil for the first time, you might just use a small amount and wait to see if you experience any of these side effects. If you do have a bad reaction, then you should simply stop using it. There are other natural oils you can try if you’re looking to cut out chemical-filled hair products, like olive oil, avocado oil, grapeseed oil, and jojoba oil. If you don't get any side effects, though, then you may have just found the secret to healthy hair and chemical-free hair care! Behold, the mighty coconut! This tropical fruit might just be the secret to amazing hair. Coconut Oil for Hair: Major Benefits and Uses For many people, coconut oil is an effective, versatile hair treatment. It’s full of nourishing vitamins and minerals, and its unique composition lets it penetrate the hair shaft and add moisture from the inside out. Besides using coconut oil as a deep conditioning treatment, you can also add some to style your hair or protect it from heat. Not only will you have one good hair day after another, but you’ll make your scalp healthy with coconut oil’s antibacterial and antifungal properties. Make sure to use coconut oil in liquid form- 76 degrees or higher. Once you’ve got the hang of it, you might experiment with adding in essential oils and creating your own hair products! Modern research studies and ancient practice agree - coconut oil is a great, all-natural way to get strong, healthy, beautiful hair.